Rotter
Julian B. Rotter (October 22, 1916 – January 6, 2014)
Some general information
Eminence of Psychologists Article (Rotter ranks #25 on the list of "Top 50 Highest Citation Publications of the Eminent Psychologists" and #53 of "100 Extremely Eminent Psychologists")
APA Distnguished Contribution Award 1989 including Rotter (pp. 625-625)
Rotter on the BBC television program "Mind Changers" being interviewed about Locus of Control in 2012 (link)
Notes from Rotter's Test Construction class at University of Connecticut
Obituaries
Readings at other web sites
Jack Mearns (+ Jack's 2009 chapter on Social Learning Theory)
Books Directly Related to Rotter's Ideas (in my office)
Kirsch, I. (1990). Changing expectations : A key to effective psychotherapy. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Kirsch, I. (Ed.). (1999). How expectancies shape experience. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association.
Lefcourt, H. M. (1976). Locus of control: Current trends in theory and research. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lefcourt, H. M. (Ed.). (1981). Research with the locus of control construct, Volume 1: Assessment Methods. New York: Academic Press.
Lefcourt, H. M. (1982). Research with the locus of control construct, Volume 2: Developments in Social Problems. New York: Academic Press.
Lefcourt, H. M. (1982). Locus of control: Current trends in theory and research. (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Lefcourt, H. M. (1984). Research with the locus of control construct, Volume 3: Extensions and Limitations. New York: Academic Press.
Phares, E. J. (1973). Locus of control: A personality determinant of behavior. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press. (pdf)
Phares, E. J. (1976). Locus of control in personality. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
Reich, J. W., & Infurna, F. J. (Eds.). (2016). Perceived control: Theory, research, and practice in the first 50 years. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rotter Primary Source Materials
Articles/Chapters (please e-mail me with any errors/additional materials)
Rotter, J. B. (1938). Studies in the psychology of stuttering XI. Stuttering in relation to position in the family. Journal of Speech Disorders, 3, 143-148. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1940). Studies in the use and validity of the Thematic Apperception Test with mentally disordered patients. I. Method of analysis and clinical problems. Character and Personality, 9, 118-134 (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1940). Levels of aspiration as a controlled method of personality study (abstract - American Psychological Association). Psychological Bulletin, 37(7), 518. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B., & Rodnick, E. H. (1940). Levels of aspiration as a controlled method of personality study (abstract - Midwestern Psychological Association). Psychological Bulletin, 37(8), 577. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1940, June). [Review of the book The Child and His Family by C. Buhler]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 24(3), 375-376. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1941). Levels of aspiration as a controlled method of personality study (abstract - American Psychological Association). Psychological Bulletin, 38(7), 587. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1942). Level of aspiration as a method of studying personality. I. A critical review of methodology. Psychological Review, 49(5), 463-474. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1942). Level of aspiration as a method of studying personality. II. Development and evaluation of a controlled method. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 31, 410-422. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1942, May). [Review of the book Measurement of Human Behavior by E. B. Greene]. Journal of Educational Psychology, 33(5), 398-400. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1943). Level of aspiration as a method of studying personality. III. Group validity studies. Character and Personality, 11(3), 255-274. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1944). The nature and treatment of stuttering: A clinical approach. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 39, 150-173. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1945). Level of aspiration as a method of studying personality. IV. The analysis of patterns of response. The Journal of Social Psychology, 21(2), 159-177. (pdf)
Harrison, R., & Rotter, J. B. (1945). A note on the reliability of the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 40, 97-99. (pdf)
Jensen, M B., & Rotter, J. B. (1945). The validity of the Multiple Choice Rorschach Test in office candidate selection. Psychological Bulletin, 42, 192-193.(pdf)
Jensen, M. B., Rotter, J. B., & Harrison, R. (1945). Military psychology in the Armored School. Psychological Bulletin, 42, 91-97. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1946). Thematic Apperception Tests: Suggestions for administration and interpretation. Journal of Personality, 15, 70-92. (pdf)
Jensen, M. B., Rotter, J. B. (1947). The value of thirteen psychological tests in officer candidate screening. Journal of Applied Psychology, 31, 312-322.(pdf)
Rotter, J. B., & Willerman, B. (1947). The Incomplete Sentence Test as a method of studying personality. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 12, 234-239. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1948). The present status of the Rorschach in clinical and experimental procedures. Journal of Personality, 16, 304-311. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B., & Wickens, D. D. (1948). The consistency and generality of ratings of "social aggressiveness" made from observation of role playing situation. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 12, 234-239. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1948, September 15). [Review of the book Emotional Problems of Living by H. J. G. Pearson]. Educational Research Bulletin, 27(6), 165. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B., Rafferty, J. E., & Schactitz, B. (1949). Validation of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank for college screening. Journal of Consulting Psychology,13(5), 348-356. (pdf) (correction)
Rotter, J. B. (1951) Word association and sentence completion methods. In H. H. Anderson & G. L. Anderson (Eds.), An introduction to projective techniques. New York: Prentice-Hall.(pdf)
Rotter, J. B., & Jessor, S. (1951). The TAT of John Doe. In H. S. Schneidman (Ed.), Thematic test analysis. (pp. 163-179). New York: Grune and Stratton. (pdf)
Schroder, H. M., & Rotter, J. B. (1952). Rigidity as learned behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44, 141-150. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1953). Clinical methods: Psychodiagnostics. In C. Stone (Ed.), Annual review of psychology. (Vol. 4). Stanford, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc. (pdf)
E. M. Bruner, & Rotter, J. B. (1953). A level of aspiration study among the Ramah Navaho. Journal of Personality, 21, 375-385. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B., Fitzgerald, B. J., & Joyce, J. (1954). A comparison of some objective measures of expectancy. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 111-113 (pdf).
Rotter, J. B., Raferty, J. E., & Lotsof, A. B. (1954). The validity of the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank: High School Form. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 18(2), 105-111. (pdf)
Schroder, H. M., & Rotter, J. B. (1954). Generalization of expectancy changes as a function of the nature of reinforcement. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48(5), 343-348. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1955). The role of the psychological situation in determining the direction of human behavior. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 245-269) , Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1955) Comments on papers by professors Peak and Young. In M. R. Jones (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 241-244) , Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1955). A study of the motor integration of stutterers and non-stutterers. In W. Johnson (Ed.), Stuttering in children and adults. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1955, March). [Review of the book The Technique of Psychotherapy by L. R. Wolberg]. Psychological Bulletin, 52(2), 167-168. (pdf)
Henry, E. M., & Rotter, J. B.(1956). Situational influences on Rorschach responses. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 20(6), 57-462. (pdf)
Phares, E. J., & Rotter, J. B. (1956). An effect of the situation of psychological testing Journal of Consulting Psychology, 20, 291-293. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1957, September). [Review of the book The Analysis of Fantasy: The Thematic Apperception Technique in the Study of Personality by W. E. Henry]. American Journal of Sociology, 63(2), 245-246. (pdf)
James, W. H., & Rotter, J. B. (1958). Partial and one hundred percent reinforcement under chance and skill conditions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55, 397-403. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1960). Psychotherapy. In P. R. Farnsworth and Q. McNemar (Eds.), Annual Review of Psychology, 11. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews, Inc. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1960). Some implications of a social learning theory for the prediction of goal directed behavior from testing procedures. Psychological Review, 67, 301-316. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B., Liverant, S., & Crowne, D. P. (1961). The growth and extinction of expectancies in chance controlled and skilled tasks. Journal of Psychology, 52, 161-177. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1962). An analysis of Adlerian psychology from a research orientation. Journal of Individual Psychology, 18, 3-11. (pdf)
Holden, K. B., & Rotter, J. B. (1962). Supplemental report: A nonverbal measure of extinction in skill and chance situations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 519-520. (pdf)
Rotter, J, B., Seeman, M., & LIverant, S. (1962). Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A major variable in behavior theory. In N. F. Washburne (Ed.), Decisions, values, and groups. Vol 2. New York: Pergamon Press. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1963). An historical and theoretical analysis of broad trends in clinical psychology. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science (Volume 5). New York: McGraw-Hill. (pdf)
Battle, E. S., & Rotter, J. B. (1963). Children's feeling of personal control as related to social class and ethnic group. Journal of Personality, 31, 482-490. (pdf)
Gore, P. M., & Rotter, J. B. (1963). A personality correlate of social action. Journal of Personality, 31, 58-64. (pdf)
Hunt, D. E., Jessor, R., Kagan, J., Martin, W. E., & Rotter, J. B. (1964). Vaughn J. Crandall: 1922-1963. Child Development, 35(3), 593-594. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B., & Mulry, R. C. (1965). Internal versus external control of reinforcement and decision time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2(4), 598-604. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80. (Whole No. 609). (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1967). Beliefs, social attitudes and behavior: A social learning analysis. In R. Jessor & S. Feshbach (Eds.), Cognition, personality, and clinical psychology. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1967). Can the clinician learn from experience? Journal of Consulting Psychology, 31(1), 12-15. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1967). A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust. Journal of Personality, 35, 651-665. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1967). Personality theory. In H. Nelson and W. Bevan (Eds.). Contemporary approaches to psychology: Theories and data in psychology, New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. (pdf)
Hamsher, J. H., Geller, J. D., & Rotter, J. B. (1968). Interpersonal trust, internal-external control, and the Warren Commission Report. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(3), 210-215. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1969). A social learning approach to community mental health. In Symposium on Youth: Their Values, Goals, and Career Concepts [3rd Report]. Rensselaerville, NY. (pdf).
Katz, H. A., & Rotter, J. B. (1969), Interpersonal trust scores of college students and their parents. Child Development, 40, 657-661. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1970). Comments on Fitzgerald, Pasewark and Noah's study of the validity of the Interpersonal Trust Scale. Psychological Reports, 26, 517-518. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1970). Report from Miami, Clinical Psychologist, 24, 1. (pdf). 69.
Rotter, J. B. (1970). Some implications of a social learning theory for the practice of psychotherapy. In D. Levis (Ed.), Learning approaches to therapeutic behavior change. Chicago: Aldine Press. (pdf)
Hochreich, D. J., & Rotter, J. B. (1970).Have college students become less trusting? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 211-214. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1971). Who rules you? External control & internal control. Psychology Today, 5(1), 37- 42, 58-59 (pdf).
Rotter, J. B. (1971). Generalized expectancies for interpersonal trust. American Psychologist, 26, 443-452. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1971). On the evaluation of methods of intervening in other people's lives. Clinical Psychologist, 24, 1-2. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B., & Stein, D. K. (1971).Public attitudes toward trustworthiness, competence, and altruism of twenty selected occupations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1, 334-343. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1973). The future of clinical psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40(2), 313-321. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1975). Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 56-67. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B., & Hochreich, D. J. (1975). Rotter's social learning theory. In Personality (pp. 93-114). Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1978). Generalized expectancies for problem solving and psychotherapy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2, 1-10. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1979). Individual differences and perceived control. In L. C. Perlmutter & R. A. Monty (Eds.). Choice and perceived control. (pp. 263-269). New York: John Wiley & Sons. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1980). Some views on effective principles of psychotherapy. In M. R. Goldfried (Ed.). Special issue: Psychotherapy process. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 271-306. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1980). Interpersonal trust, trustworthiness and gullibility. American Psychologist, 26, 1-7. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1980). Trust and gullibility. Psychology Today, 14(5), 35-38, 40-41, 102. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1981). The psychological situation in social learning theory. In D. Magnusson (Ed.), Toward a psychology of situations: An interactional perspective. (pp. 169-178). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. (pdf)
Lah, M., & Rotter, J. B. (1981). Changing college student norms on the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 985-. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1982). Social learning theory. In N. T. Feather (Ed.), Expectations and actions: Expectancy-value models in psychology. (pp.241-260). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. (pdf)
Corcoran, K. J., & Rotter, J. B. (1987). Morality-Conscience Guilt Scale as a predictor of ethical behavior in a cheating situation among college females. Journal of General Psychology, 114(2), 117-123. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1990). Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A case history of a variable. American Psychologist, 45, 489-493. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1992). Some comments on the “Cognates of personal control." Applied & Preventative Psychology, 1(2), 127-129. (pdf)
Rotter, J. B. (1993). Expectancies. In C. E. Walker (Ed.), The history of clinical psychology in autobiography (Volume 2; pp. 273-284). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. (pdf)
Books (in my office)
Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall.
Rotter, J. B. (1971). Clinical psychology. (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Rotter, J. B., Chance, J. E., & Phares, E. J. (1972). Applications of a social learning theory of personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Rotter, J. B., & Hochreich, D. J. (1975). Personality. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman.
Rotter, J. B. (1982). The development and applications of social learning theory. New York: Praeger.
Rotter, J. B., Lah, M. I., & Rafferty, J. E. (1992). Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank Second Edition manual. New York: Psychological Corporation.