Taxometrics
Taxometrics
The starting point for this page was Ruscio's list of taxometric readings. Additions have been made and unavailable readings omitted. Eventually, I'll be posting links to these articles.
Ahmed, A. O., Buckley, P. F., & Mabe, P. A. (2012). Latent structure of psychotic experiences in the general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125, 54-65. (pdf)
Ahmed, A. O., Green, B. A., Clark, C. B., Stahl, K. C., McFarland, M. E. (2011). Latent structure of unipolar and bipolar mood symptoms. Bipolar Disorders, 13, 522-536. (pdf)
Ahmed, A. O., Green, B. A., McCloskey, M. S., & Berman, M. E. (2010). Latent structure of intermittent explosive disorder in an epidemiological sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44, 663-672. (pdf)
Ambrosini, P., Bennett, D. S., Cleland, C. M., & Haslam, N. (2002). Taxonicity of adolescent melancholia: A categorical or dimensional construct? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 36, 247-256. (pdf)
Arnau, R. C., Green, B. A., Rosen, D. H., Gleaves, D. H., & Melancon, J. G. (2003). Are Jungian preferences really categorical? An empirical investigation using taxometric analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 233-251. (pdf)
Arnau, R. C., Thompson, R. L., & Cook, C. (2001). Do different response formats change the latent structure of responses? An empirical investigation using taxometric analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61, 23-44. (pdf coming soon)
Arntz, A., Bernstein, D., Gielen, D., van Nieuwenhuijzen, M., Penders, K., Haslam, N., & Ruscio, J. (2009). Cluster-C, paranoid, and borderline personality disorders are dimensional: Evidence from taxometric tests. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 606-628.
Asmundson, G. J. G., Collimore, K. C., Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2007). Is the latent structure of fear of pain continuous or discontinuous among pain patients? Taxometric analysis of the pain anxiety symptoms scale. Journal of Pain, 8, 387-395.
Asmundson, G. J. G., Hadjistavropoulos, T., Bernstein, A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2009). Latent structure of fear of pain: An empirical test among a sample of community dwelling older adults. European Journal of Pain, 13, 419-425.
Asmundson, G. J. G., Weeks, J. W., Carleton, R. N., Thibodeau, M. A., Fetzner, M. G. (2011). Revisiting the latent structure of the anxiety sensitivity construct: More evidence of dimensionality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 138-147.
Baldwin, G., & Shean, G. (2006). A taxometric study of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. Psychology Monographs, 132, 101-128.
Beach, S. R. H., & Amir, N. (2003). Is depression taxonic, dimensional, or both? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 228-236.
Beach, S. R. H., & Amir, N. (2006). Self-reported depression is taxonic. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 28, 171-178.
Beach, S. R. H., Amir, N., & Bau, J. J. (2005). Can sample-specific simulations help detect low base-rate taxonicity? Psychological Assessment, 17, 446-461.
Beach, S. R. H., Fincham, F. D., Amir, N., & Leonard, K. E. (2005). The taxometrics of marriage: Is marital discord categorical? Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 276-285.
Beauchaine, T. P. (2003). Taxometrics and developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 501-527.
Beauchaine, T. P., & Beach, S. R. H. (2006). Taxometrics and relational processes: Relevance and challenges for the next nosology of mental disorders. In Beach, S. R. H., Wamboldt, M. Z., Kaslow, N. J., Heyman, R. E., First, M. B., et al. (Eds.), Relational processes and DSM-V: Neuroscience, assessment, prevention, and treatment (pp. 123-137). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Beauchaine, T. P., & Beauchaine, R. J. (2002). A comparison of maximum covariance and k-means cluster analysis in classifying cases into known taxon groups. Psychological Methods, 7, 245-261.
Beauchaine, T. P., Lenzenweger, M. F., & Waller, N. G. (2008). Schizotypy, taxometrics, and disconfirming theories in soft science: Comment on Rawlings, Williams, Haslam, and Claridge. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1652-1662.
Beauchaine, T. P., & Marsh, P. (2006). Taxometric methods: Enhancing early detection and prevention of psychopathology by identifying latent vulnerability traits. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 1: Theory and method (2nd ed., pp. 931-967). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Beauchaine, T. P., & Waters, E. (2003). Pseudotaxonicity in MAMBAC and MAXCOV analyses of rating scale data: Turning continua into classes by manipulating observers’ expectations. Psychological Methods, 8, 3-15.
Bernstein, A., Leen-Feldner, E. W., Kotov, R., Schmidt, N. B., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2006). Test of a panic-relevant diathesis-stress model using a taxonic index of anxiety sensitivity. In J. Sanfelippo (Ed.), Panic disorders: New research (pp. 15-40). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Biomedical Books.
Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Feldner, M. T., Lewis, S. F., & Leen-Feldner, E. W. (2005). Anxiety sensitivity taxonicity: A concurrent test of cognitive vulnerability for post-traumatic stress symptomatology among young adults. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 34, 229-241.
Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Kotov, R., Arrindell, W. A., Taylor, S., Sandin, B., Cox, B. J., Stewart, S. H., Bouvard, M., Cardenas, S. J., Eifert, G. H., & Schmidt, N. B. (2006). Taxonicity of anxiety sensitivity: A multi-national analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 1-22.
Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Norton, P. J., Schmidt, N. B., Taylor, S., Forsyth, J. P., Lewis, S. F., Feldner, M. T., Leen-Feldner, E. W., Stewart, S. H., & Cox, B. (2007). Taxometric and factor analytic models of anxiety sensitivity: Integrating approaches to latent structural research. Psychological Assessment, 19, 74-87.
Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Stewart, S. H., & Comeau, M. N. (2007). Taxometric and factor analytic models of anxiety sensitivity among youth: Exploring the latent structure of anxiety psychopathology vulnerability. Behavior Therapy, 38, 269-283.
Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Stewart, S. H., Comeau, M. N., & Leen-Feldner, E. W. (2006). Anxiety sensitivity taxonicity across gender among youth. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 679-698.
Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Weems, C., Stickle, T., & Leen-Feldner, E. W. (2005). Taxonicity of anxiety sensitivity: An empirical test among youth. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1131-1155.
Blanchard, J. J., Gangestad, S. W., Brown, S. A., & Horan, W. P. (2000). Hedonic capacity and schizotypy revisited: Analysis of social anhedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 87-95.
Blanchard, J. J., Horan, W. P., & Collins, L. M. (2005). Examining the latent structure of negative symptoms: Is there a distinct subtype of negative symptom schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Research, 77, 151-165.
Braverman, J., LaBrie, R. A., Shaffer, H. J. (2011). A taxometric analysis of actual internet sports gambling behavior. Psychological Assessment, 23, 234-244.
Broman-Fulks, J. J., Green, B. A., Berman, M. E., Olatunji, B. O., Arnau, R. C., Deacon, B. J., & Sawchuk, C. N. (2008). The latent structure of anxiety sensitivity—revisited. Assessment, 15,188-203.
Broman-Fulks, J. J., Hill, R. W., & Green, B. A. (2008). Is perfectionism categorical or dimensional? A taxometric analysis? Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 481-490.
Broman-Fulks, J. J., Ruggiero, K. J., Green, B. A., Kilpatrick, D. G., Danielson, C. K., Resnick, H. S., & Saunders, B. E. (2006). Taxometric investigation of PTSD: Data from two nationally representative samples. Behavior Therapy, 37, 364-380.
Broman-Fulks, J. J., Ruggiero, K. J., Green, B. A., Smith, D. W., Hanson, R. F., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Saunder, B. E. (2009). The latent structure of posttraumatic stress disorder among adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 146-152.
Brown, T. A. (2001). Taxometric methods and the classification and comorbidity of mental disorders: Methodological and statistical considerations. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 534-541.
Cleland, C., & Haslam, N. (1996). Robustness of taxometric analysis with skewed indicators: I. A Monte Carlo study of the MAMBAC procedure. Psychological Reports, 79, 243-248.
Cleland, C. M., Rothschild, L., & Haslam, N. (2000). Detecting latent taxa: Monte Carlo comparison of taxometric, mixture model, and clustering procedures. Psychological Reports, 87, 37-47.
Cole, D. A. (2004). Taxometrics in psychopathology research: An introduction to some of the procedures and related methodological issues. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 3-9.
Crome, E., Baillie, A., Slade, T., & Ruscio, A. M. (2010). Social phobia: Further evidence of dimensional structure. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 1012-1020.
Dahlstrom, W. G. (1995). Pigeons, people, and pigeon-holes. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 2-20.
Daneluzzo, E., Stratta, P., Di Tommaso, S., Pacifico, R.,Riccardi, I., & Rossi, A. (2009). Dimensional, non-taxonic latent structure of psychotic symptoms in a student sample. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44, 911-916.
Denson, T. F., Iyer, R., & Lickel, B. (2010). Racist or racism? Taxometric support for a dimensional latent structure of explicit prejudice. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 13, 113-128.
Dollaghan, C. A. (2004). Taxometric analyses of specific language impairment in 3- and 4-year-old children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47, 464-475.
Dragovic, M., Milenkovic, S., & Hammond, G. (2008). The distribution of hand preference is discrete: A taxometric examination. British Journal of Psychology, 99, 445-459.
Edens, J. F., Marcus, D. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Poythress, N. G., Jr. (2006). Psychopathic, not psychopath: Taxometric evidence for the dimensional structure of psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 131-144.
Edens, J. F., Marcus, D. K., & Morey, L. C. (2009). Paranoid personality has a dimensional latent structure: Taxometric analyses of community and clinical samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 545-553.
Edens, J. F., Marcus, D. K., & Ruiz, M. A. (2008). Taxometric analyses of borderline personality features in a large-scale male and female offender sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 705-711.
Edens, J. F., Marcus, D. K., & Vaughn, M. G. (2011). Exploring the taxometric status of psychopathy among youthful offenders: Is there a juvenile psychopath taxon? Law and Human Behavior, 35,13-24.
Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L., Golden, R. R., & Cornblatt, B. A. (1989). A taxometric analysis of cognitive and neuromotor variables in children at risk for schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 203-208.
Ferguson, E. (2009). A taxometric analysis of health anxiety. Psychological Medicine, 39, 277-285.
Fossati, A., Beauchaine, T. P., & Grazioli, F. (2005). A latent structure analysis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, narcissistic personality disorder criteria. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 46, 361-367.
Foster, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2007). Are there such things as “Narcissists” in social psychology? A taxometric analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1321-1332.
Fraley, R. C., & Spieker, S. J. (2003). Are infant attachment patterns continuously or categorically distributed? A taxometric analysis of strange situation behavior. Developmental Psychology, 39,387-404.
Fraley, R. C., & Waller, N. G. (1998). Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 77-114). New York: Guilford.
Franklin, L. C., Strong, D. R., & Greene, R. L. (2002). A taxometric analysis of the MMPI-2 depression scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79, 110-121.
Frazier, T. A., Youngstrom, E. W., & Naugle, R. I. (2007). The latent structure of AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a clinic-referred sample. Neuropsychology, 21, 45-64.
Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Naugle, R. I., Haggerty, K. A. & Busch, R. M. (2007). The latent structure of cognitive symptom exaggeration on the Victoria Symptom Validity Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 197-211.
Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Sinclair, L., Kubu, C. S., Law, P., Rezai, A., Constantino, J. N., & Eng, C. (2010). Autism spectrum disorders as a qualitatively distinct category from typical behavior in a large, clinically ascertained sample. Assessment, 17, 308-320.
Gangestad, S. W., Bailey, J. M., & Martin, N. G. (2000). Taxometric analyses of sexual orientation and gender identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1109-1121.
Gangestad, S., & Snyder, M. (1985). “To carve nature at its joints”: On the existence of discrete classes in personality. Psychological Review, 92, 317-349.
Garb, H. N. (1996). Taxometrics and the revision of diagnostic criteria. American Psychologist, 51, 553-554.
Gibb, B. E., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Beevers, C. G., & Miller, I. W. (2004). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A taxometric analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 81-89.
Ginestet, C. (2008). Review of 'Introduction to the taxometric method: A practical guide'. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 61, 529-530.
Ginestet, C. E., Mitchell, K., & Wellman, N. (2008). Taxometric investigation of the latent structure of nicotine dependence: An epidemiological sample. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 10, 833-841.
Gleaves, D. H., Brown, J. D., & Warren, C. S. (2004). The continuity/discontinuity models of eating disorders: A review of the literature and implications for assessment, treatment, and prevention. Behavior Modification, 28, 739-762.
Gleaves, D. H., Lowe, M. R., Green, B. A., Cororve, M. B., & Williams, T. L. (2000). Do anorexia and bulimia nervosa occur on a continuum? A taxometric analysis. Behavior Therapy, 31, 195-219.
Gleaves, D. H., Lowe, M. R., Snow, A. C., Green, B. A., & Murphy-Eberenz, K. P. (2000). Continuity and discontinuity models of bulimia nervosa: A taxometric investigation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 56-68.
Goedeker, K. C., & Tiffany, S. T. (2008). On the nature of nicotine addiction: A taxometric analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 896-909.
Golden, R. R. (1982). A taxometric model for the detection of a conjectured latent taxon. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 17, 389-416.
Golden, R. R. (1991). Bootstrapsing taxometrics: On the development of a method for detection of a single major gene. In D. Cicchetti & W. M. Grove (Eds.), Thinking clearly about psychology(Vol. 2, pp. 259-294). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Golden, R. R., Campbell, M., & Perry, R. (1987). A taxometric method for diagnosis of tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 21, 233-241.
Golden, R. R., Gollob, H. F., & Watt, N. F. (1983). Bootstrapping conjectural indicators of vulnerability for schizophrenia: A reply to Faraone’s critique of Watt, Grubb, and Erlenmeyer-Kimling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 937-939.
Golden, R. R., & Mayer, M. J. (1995). Peaked indicators: A source of pseudotaxonicity of a latent trait. In D. Lubinski & R. Dawis (Eds.), Assessing individual differences in human behavior: New concepts, methods, and findings (pp. 93-115). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Golden, R. R., & Meehl, P. E. (1979). Detection of the schizoid taxon with MMPI indicators. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 217-233.
Golden, R. R., & Meehl, P. E. (1980). Detection of biological sex: An empirical test of cluster methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 15, 475-496.
Golden, R. R., Vaughan, H. G., Jr., Kurtzberg, D., & McCarton, C. M. (1988). Detection of neonatal brain dysfunction without the use of a criterion variable: Analysis of the statistical problem with an illustrative example. In P. Vietze & H. G. Vaughan, Jr. (Eds.), Early identification of infants at risk for mental retardation (pp. 71-95). Orlando: Grune and Stratton, Inc.
Goodman, M., Weiss, D. S., Mitropoulou, V., New, A., Koenigsberg, H., Silverman, J. M., & Siever, L. (2003). The relationship between pathological dissociation, self-injury and childhood trauma in patients with personality disorders using taxometric analyses. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 4, 65-88.
Gordon, K., Holm-Denoma, J., Smith, A., Fink, E., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2007). Taxometric analysis: Introduction and overview. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 40(Supl.), S35-S39.
Grayson, D. A. (1987). Can categorical and dimensional views of psychiatric illness be distinguished? British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 355-361.
Green, B. A., Ahmed, A. O., Marcus, D. K., & Walters, G. D. (2011). The latent structure of alcohol use pathology in an epidemiological sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 225-233.
Grove, W. M. (1991). The validity of cluster analysis stopping rules as detectors of taxa. In D. Cicchetti & W. M. Grove (Eds.), Thinking clearly about psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 313-329). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Grove, W. M. (1991). When is a diagnosis worth making? A statistical comparison of two prediction strategies. Psychological Reports, 68, 3-17.
Grove, W. M. (2004). The MAXSLOPE taxometric procedure: Mathematical derivation, parameter estimation, consistency tests. Psychological Reports, 95, 517-550.
Grove, W. M., Andreasen, N. C., Young, M., Endicott, J., Keller, M. B., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Reich, T. (1987). Isolation and characterization of a nuclear depressive syndrome. Psychological Medicine, 17, 471-484.
Grove, W. M., & Meehl, P. E. (1993). Simple regression-based procedures for taxometric investigations. Psychological Reports, 73, 707-737.
Guay, J., Ruscio, J., Hare, R., & Knight, R. A. (2007). A taxometric study of the latent structure of psychopathy: Evidence for dimensionality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 701-716.
Hankin, B. L., Fraley, R. C., Lahey, B. B., & Waldman, I. D. (2005). Is depression best viewed as a continuum or discrete category? A taxometric analysis of childhood and adolescent depression in a population-based sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 96-110.
Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., Hilton, N. Z., Lalumiere, M. L., & Quinsey, V. L. (2007). Coercive and precocious sexuality as a fundamental aspect of psychopathy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21, 1-27.
Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Quinsey, V. L. (1994). Psychopathy as a taxon: Evidence that psychopaths are a discrete class. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 387-397.
Haslam, N. (1994). Categories of social relationship. Cognition, 53, 59-90.
Haslam, N. (1997). Evidence that male sexual orientation is a matter of degree. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 862-870.
Haslam, N. (1999). Taxometric and related methods in relationships research. Personal Relationships, 6,519-534.
Haslam, N. (2002). Kinds of kinds: A taxonomy of psychiatric categories. Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology, 9, 203-217.
Haslam, N. (2003). Categorical versus dimensional models of mental disorder: The taxometric evidence. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 696-704.
Haslam, N. (2003). The dimensional view of personality disorders: A review of the taxometric evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 75-93.
Haslam, N. (2007). The latent structure of mental disorders: A taxometric update on the categorical vs. dimensional debate. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 3, 172-177.
Haslam, N. (2009). The taxon concept is not taxonic: Response to Grove (2008). Psychological Reports, 104, 784-786.
Haslam, N. (2011). The latent structure of personality and psychopathology: A review of trends in taxometric research. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 8, 17-29.
Haslam, N., & Beck, A. T. (1994). Subtyping major depression: A taxometric analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 686-692.
Haslam, N., & Bornstein, B. H. (1996). Envy and jealousy as discrete emotions: A taxometric analysis. Motivation and Emotion, 20, 255-272.
Haslam, N., & Cleland, C. (1996). Robustness of taxometric analysis with skewed indicators: II. A Monte Carlo study of the MAXCOV procedure. Psychological Reports, 79, 1035-1039.
Haslam, N., & Cleland, C. (2002). Taxometric analysis of fuzzy categories: A Monte Carlo study. Psychological Reports, 90, 401-404.
Haslam, N., Holland, E., & Kuppens, P. (2010). Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology: a quantitative review of taxometric research. Psychological Medicine, 42, 903-920. (pdf)
Haslam, N., & Kim, H. (2002). Categories and continua: A review of taxometric research. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 128, 271-320.
Haslam, N., Porter, M., & Rothschild, L. (2001). The parallel/serial distinction in visual search: A matter of degree or a matter of kind? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 8, 742-746.
Haslam, N., & Williams, B. (2006). Taxometrics. In S. Strack (Ed.), Differentiating normal and abnormal personality (2nd ed., pp. 283-308). New York: Springer.
Haslam, N., Williams, B. J., & Kyrios, M. (2005). Subtyping obsessive-compulsive disorder: A taxometric analysis. Behavior Therapy, 36, 381-391.
Haslam, N., Williams, B., Prior, M., Haslam, R., Graetz, B., & Sawyer, M. (2006). The latent structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A taxometric analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 639-647.
Holland, J. M., Neimeyer, R. A., Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2009). The underlying structure of grief: A taxometric investigation of prolonged and normal reactions to loss. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31, 190-201.
Holland, J. M., Schutte, K. K., Brennan, P. L. & Moos, R. H. (2010). The structure of late-life depressive symptoms across a 20-year span: A taxometric investigation. Psychology and Aging, 25, 142-156.
Holm-Denoma, J. M., Richey, J. A., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2010). The latent structure of dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and drive for thinness: A series of taxometric analyses. Psychological Assessment, 22, 788-797.
Horan, W. P., Blanchard, J. J., Gangestad, S. W., & Kwapil, T. R. (2004). The psychometric detection of schizotypy: Do putative schizotypy indicators identify the same latent class? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 339-357.
Ingram, D. G., Takahashi, T. N., & Miles, J. H. (2008). Defining autism subgroups: A taxometric solution. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 38, 950-960.
Joiner, T. E., Jr., & Schmidt, N. B. (2002). Taxometrics can “do diagnostics right” (and isn’t quite as hard
as you think). In L. E. Beutler & M. L. Malik (Eds.), Rethinking the DSM: A psychological perspective (pp. 107-120). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kessler, R. C. (2002). Epidemiological perspectives for the development of future diagnostic systems. Psychopathology, 35, 158-161.
Kessler, R. C. (2002). The categorical versus dimensional assessment controversy in the sociology of mental illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43, 171-188. (pdf)
Knight, R. A. (2010). Is a diagnostic category for paraphilic coercive disorder defensible? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 419-426.
Kollman, D. M., Brown, T. A., Liverant, G. I., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006). A taxometric investigation of the latent structure of DSM-IV social anxiety disorder in outpatients with anxiety and mood
disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 23, 190-199.
Korfine, L., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (1995). The taxonicity of schizotypy: A replication. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 26-31.
Kotov, R., Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., Joiner, T. E., & Ialongo, N. S. (2005). Latent structure of anxiety: Taxometric exploration. Psychological Assessment, 17, 369-374.
Lenzenweger, M. F. (1993). Explorations in schizotypy and the psychometric high-risk paradigm. In L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, & D. C. Fowles (Eds.), Progress in experimental personality and psychopathology research, Vol. 16 (pp. 66-116). New York: Springer.
Lenzenweger, M. F. (1999). Deeper into the schizotypy taxon: On the robust nature of maximum covariance analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 182-187.
Lenzenweger, M. F. (2003). On thinking clearly about taxometrics, schizotypy, and genetic influences: Correction to Widiger (2001). Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 367-369.
Lenzenweger, M. F. (2004). Consideration of the challenges, complications, and pitfalls of taxometric analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 10-23.
Lenzenweger, M. F., & Korfine, L. (1992). Confirming the latent structure and base rate of schizotypy: A taxometric analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 567-571.
Lenzenweger, M. F., & Korfine, L. (1995). Tracking the taxon: On the latent structure and base rate of schizotypy. In A. Raine, T. Lencz, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Schizotypal personality (pp. 135 – 167). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lenzenweger, M.F., McLachlan, G., & Rubin, D.B. (2007). Resolving the latent structure of schizophrenia endophenotypes using expectation-maximization-based finite mixture modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 16-29.
Linscott, R. J. (2007). The latent structure and coincidence of hypohedonia and schizotypy and their validity as indices of psychometric risk for schizophrenia. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21,225-242.
Linscott, R. J., Allardyce, J., & van Os, J. (2010). Seeking verisimilitude in a class: A systematic review of evidence that the criterial clinical symptoms of schizophrenia are taxonic. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 811-829.
Linscott, R. J., Marie, D., Arnott, K. L., & Clarke, B. L. (2006). Over-representation of Maori New Zealanders among adolescents in a schizotypy taxon. Schizophrenia Research, 84, 289-296.
Longley, S. L., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Calamari, J. E., Noyes, R., Wade, M., & Orlando, C. M. (2010). A taxometric study of hypochondriasis symptoms. Behavior Therapy, Vol 41, 505-514.
Lubke, G., & Tueller, S. (2010). Latent class detection and class assignment: A comparison of the MAXEIG taxometric procedure and factor mixture modeling approaches. Structural Equation Modeling, 17, 605-628.
Maraun, M. D., & Slaney, K. (2005). An analysis of Meehl’s MAXCOV-HITMAX procedure for the case of continuous indicators. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40, 489-518.
Maraun, M. D., Slaney, K., & Goddyn, L. (2003). An analysis of Meehl’s MAXCOV-HITMAX procedure for the case of dichotomous indicators. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 38, 81-112.
Marcus, D. K., & Barry, T. D. (2010). Does attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder have a dimensional latent structure? A taxometric analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0021405
Marcus, D. K., Fulton, J. J., & Turchik, J. A. (2011, January 31). Is risky sexual behavior continuous or categorical? A taxometric analysis of the sexual risk survey. Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0021842
Marcus, D. K., John, S. L., & Edens, J. F. (2004). A taxometric analysis of psychopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 626-635.
Marcus, D. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., Edens, J. F., & Poythress, N. G. (2006). Is antisocial personality disorder continuous or categorical? A taxometric analysis. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1571-1581.
Marcus, D. K., Ruscio, J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Hughes, K. T. (2008). Converging evidence for the latent structure of antisocial personality disorder: Consistency of taxometric and latent class analyses. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 284-293.
Marcus, D. K., Poythress, N. G., Edens, J. F., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2010). Adjudicative competence: Evidence that impairment in “rational understanding” is taxonic. Psychological Assessment, 22,716-722.
Marcus, D. K., Sanford, G. M., Edens, J. F., Knight, R. A., & Walters, G. D. (2011). Taxometrics and evolutionary theory: The case of the psychopathic sexuality taxon. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 8, 6-16.
Mattila, A. K., Keefer, K. V., Taylor, G. J., Joukamaa, M., Jula, A., Parker, J. D. A., & Bagby, R. M. (2010). Taxometric analysis of alexithymia in a general population sample from Finland. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 216-221.
McDonald, R. P. (2003). A review of Multivariate taxometric procedures: Distinguishing types from continua. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 28, 77-81.
McGrath, R. E. (2008). Inferential errors in taxometric analyses of ordered three-class constructs. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 11-25.
McGrath, R. E., Neubauer, J., Meyer, G. J., & Tung, K. (2009). Instructional set and the structure of responses to rating scales. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 116-122.
McGrath, R. E., & Walters, G. D. (in press). Taxometric analysis as a general strategy for distinguishing categorical from dimensional latent structure. Psychological Methods.
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Meehl, P. E. (1979). A funny thing happened to us on the way to the latent entities. Journal of Personality Assessment, 43, 564-581. (pdf)
Meehl, P. E. (1992). Factors and taxa, traits and types, differences of degree and differences in kind. Journal of Personality, 60, 117-174. (pdf)
Meehl, P. E. (1995). Bootstraps taxometrics: Solving the classification problem in psychopathology. American Psychologist, 50, 266-274. (pdf)
Meehl, P. E. (1995). Extension of the MAXCOV-HITMAX taxometric procedure to situations of sizable nuisance covariance. In D. Lubinski & R. Dawis (Eds.), Assessing individual differences in human behavior: New concepts, methods, and findings (pp. 81-92). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. (pdf)
Meehl, P. E. (1996). MAXCOV pseudotaxonicity: Reply to Miller. American Psychologist, 51, 1184-1186. (pdf)
Meehl, P. E. (1999). Clarifications about taxometric method. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 8, 165-174. (pdf)
Meehl, P. E. (2001). Comorbidity and taxometrics. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 507-519. (pdf)
Meehl, P. E. (2001). Primary and secondary hypohedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 188-193. (pdf)
Meehl, P. E. (2004). What’s in a taxon? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 39-43. (pdf)
Meehl, P. E., & Golden, R. R. (1982). Taxometric methods. In P. C. Kendall & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in clinical psychology (pp. 127-181). New York: Wiley. (pdf coming soon)
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Meehl, P. E., & Yonce, L. J. (1996). Taxometric analysis: II. Detecting taxonicity using covariance of two quantitative indicators in successive intervals of a third indicator (MAXCOV procedure). Psychological Reports, 78, 1091-1227. (pdf)
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Okumura, Y., Sakamoto, S., Tomoda, A., & Kijima, N. (2009). Latent structure of self-reported depression in undergraduates: Using taxometric procedures and information-theoretic latent variable modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 166-171.
Olatunji, B. O., & Broman-Fulks, J. J. (2007). A taxometric study of the latent structure of disgust sensitivity: Converging evidence for dimensionality. Psychological Assessment, 19, 437-448.
Olatunji, B. O., & Broman-Fulks, J. J. (2009). Latent structure of aversion: Taxometric exploration. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 87-92.
Olatunji, B. O., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Bergman, S. M., Green, B. A., & Zlomke, K. R. (2009). A taxometric investigation of the latent structure of worry: Dimensionality and associations with depression, anxiety, and stress. Behavior Therapy.
Parker, J. D. A., Keefer, K. V., Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2008). Latent structure of the alexithymia construct: A taxometric investigation. Psychological Assessment, 20, 385-396.
Prisciandaro, J. J., & Roberts, J. E. (2005). A taxometric investigation of unipolar depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 718-728.
Prisciandaro, J. J., & Roberts, J. E. (2009). A comparison of the predictive abilities of dimensional and categorical models of unipolar depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 39, 1087-1096.
Rawlings, D., Williams, B., Haslam, N., & Claridge, G. (2008). Taxometric analysis supports a dimensional latent structure for schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1640-1651. [see also comment by Beauchaine, Lenzenweger, & Waller (2008) and response, below]
Rawlings, D., Williams, B., Haslam, N., & Claridge, G. (2008). Is schizotypy taxonic? Response to Beauchaine, Lenzenweger, and Waller. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1663-1672.
Rhudy, J. L., Green, B. A., Arnau, R. C., & France, C. R. (2008). Taxometric analysis of biceps femoris EMG following electrocutaneous stimulation over the sural nerve: Determining the latent structure of the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR). International Journal of Psychphysiology, 69,18-26.
Richey, J. A., Schmidt, N. B., Lonigan, C. J., Phillips, B. M., Catanzaro, S. J., Laurent, J., Gerhadstein, R. R. & Kotov, R. (2009). The latent structure of child depression: A taxometric analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1147-1155.
Roisman, G. I., Fraley, R. C., & Belsky, J. (2007). A taxometric study of the Adult Attachment Interview. Developmental Psychology, 43, 675-686.
Rothschild, L., Cleland, C., Haslam, N., & Zimmerman, M. (2003). A taxometric study of Borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 657-666.
Ruscio, A. M. (2010). The latent structure of social anxiety disorder: Consequences of shifting to a dimensional diagnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 662-671.
Ruscio, A. M., Borkovec, T. D., & Ruscio, J. (2001). A taxometric analysis of the latent structure of worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 413-422.
Ruscio, A. M., & Ruscio, J. (2002). The latent structure of analogue depression: Should the BDI be used to classify groups? Psychological Assessment, 14, 135-145.
Ruscio, A. M., Ruscio, J., & Keane, T. M. (2002). The latent structure of post-traumatic stress disorder: A taxometric investigation of reactions to extreme stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111,290-301.
Ruscio, J. (2000). Taxometric analysis with dichotomous indicators: The modified MAXCOV procedure and a case removal consistency test. Psychological Reports, 87, 929-939.
Ruscio, J. (2007). Taxometric analysis: An empirically-grounded approach to implementing the method. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1588-1622.
Ruscio, J. (2009). Assigning cases to groups using taxometric results: An empirical comparison of classification techniques. Assessment, 16, 55-70.
Ruscio, J. (2010). Taxometric programs for the R computing environment: User’s manual. Available on the world wide web at http://www.tcnj.edu/~ruscio/taxometrics.html
Ruscio, J. (2011). Why and how should we classify individuals? Introduction to the special section on categories and dimensions. Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice, 8, 3-5.
Ruscio, J., Brown, T. A., & Ruscio, A. M. (2009). A taxometric investigation of DSM-IV Major Depression in a large outpatient sample: Interpretable structural results depend on the mode of assessment. Assessment, 16, 127-144.
Ruscio, J., Haslam, N., & Ruscio, A. M. (2006). Introduction to the taxometric method: A practical guide.Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Ruscio, J., & Kaczetow, W. (2008). Simulating multivariate nonnormal data using an iterative algorithm. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 43, 355-381.
Ruscio, J., & Kaczetow, W. (2009). Differentiating categories and dimensions: Evaluating the robustness of taxometric analyses. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44, 259-280.
Ruscio, J., & Marcus, D. K. (2007). Detecting small taxa using simulated comparison data: A reanalysis of Beach, Amir, and Bau’s (2005) data. Psychological Assessment, 19, 241-246.
Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A. M. (2000). Informing the continuity controversy: A taxometric analysis of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 473-487.
Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A. M. (2002). A structure-based approach to psychological assessment: Matching measurement models to latent structure. Assessment, 9, 4-16.
Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A. M. (2004). Clarifying boundary issues in psychopathology: The role of taxometrics in a comprehensive program of structural research. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 24-38.
Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A. M. (2004). A conceptual and methodological checklist for conducting a taxometric investigation. Behavior Therapy, 35, 403-447.
Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A. M. (2004). A nontechnical introduction to the taxometric method. Understanding Statistics, 3, 151-193.
Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A. M. (2008). Categories and dimensions: Advancing psychological science through the study of latent structure. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(3), 203-207.
Ruscio, J., Ruscio, A. M., & Carney, L. M. (2011). Performing taxometric analysis to distinguish categorical and dimensional variables. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 2(2), 170-196.
Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A. M., & Keane, T. M. (2004). Using taxometric analysis to distinguish a small latent taxon from a latent dimension with positively skewed indicators: The case of Involuntary Defeat Syndrome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 145-154.
Ruscio, J., Ruscio, A. M., & Meron, M. (2007). Applying the bootstrap to taxometric analysis: Generating empirical sampling distributions to help interpret results. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42,349-386.
Ruscio, J., & Walters, G. D. (2009). Using comparison data to differentiate categorical and dimensional data by examining factor score distributions: Resolving the mode problem. Psychological Assessment, 21, 578-594.
Ruscio, J., & Walters, G. D. (2011). Differentiating categorical and dimensional data with taxometric analysis: Are two variables better than none? Psychological Assessment, 23, 287-299.
Ruscio, J., Walters, G. D., Marcus, D. K., & Kaczetow, W. (2010). Comparing the relative fit of categorical and dimensional latent variable models using consistency tests. Psychological Assessment, 22, 5-21.
Ruscio, J., Zimmerman, M., McGlinchey, J. B., Chelminski, I., & Young, D. (2007). Diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder: XI. A taxometric investigation of the categorical-dimensional debate on the structure underlying DSM-IV symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 10-19.
Schmidt, N. B., Kotov, R., Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M. J., Joiner, T. E., Jr., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2007). Mixed anxiety depression: Taxometric exploration of the validity of a diagnostic category in youth. Journal of Affective Disorders, 98, 83-89.
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Schmidt, N. B., Kotov, R., Lerew, D. R., Joiner, T. E., Jr., & Ialongo, N. S. (2005). Evaluating latent discontinuity in cognitive vulnerability to panic: A taxometric investigation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 673-690.
Skilling, T. A., Quinsey, V. L., & Craig, W. M. (2001). Evidence of a taxon underlying serious antisocial behavior in boys. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28, 450-470.
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Slade, T., Grove, R., & Teesson, M. (2009). A taxometric study of alcohol abuse and dependence in a general population sample: Evidence of dimensional latent structure and implications for DSM-V. Addiction, 104, 742-751.
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Strong, D. R., Glassmire, D. M., Frederick, R. I., & Greene, R. L. (2006). Evaluating the latent structure of the MMPI-2 F(p) scale in a forensic sample: A taxometric analysis. Psychological Assessment, 18, 250-261.
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Strong, D. R., Greene, R. L., & Kordinak, S. T. (2002). Taxometric analysis of impression management and self-deception in college student and personnel evaluation settings. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 161-175.
Strong, D. R., Greene, R. L., & Schinka, J. A. (2000). Taxometric analysis of MMPI-2 Infrequency Scales [F and F(p)] in clinical settings. Psychological Assessment, 12, 166-173.
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Walters, G. D. (2007). The latent structure of the criminal lifestyle: A taxometric analysis of the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form and the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1623-1637.
Walters, G. D. (2008). The latent structure of alcohol use disorders: A taxometric analysis of structured interview data obtained from male federal prison inmates. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 43, 326-333.
Walters, G. D. (2009). Latent structure of a two-dimensional model of Antisocial Personality Disorder: Construct validation and taxometric analysis. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 647-660.
Walters, G. D. (2009). Taxometric analysis of alcohol dependence in male prisoners: Measuring latent structure with indicators from the DSM-IV. Addiction Research and Therapy, 17, 372-380.
Walters, G. D. (2010). Dementia: Continuum or distinct entity? Psychology and Aging, 25, 534-544.
Walters, G. D. (2011). The latent structure of life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: Is Moffitt’s developmental taxonomy a true taxonomy? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79,96-105.
Walters, G. D. (2012). Taxometrics and criminal justice: Assessing the latent structure of crime-related constructs. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 10-20.
Walters, G. D., Berry, D. T. R., Lanyon, R. I., & Murphy, M. P. (2009). Are exaggerated health complaints continuous or categorical? A taxometric analysis of the Health Problem Overstatement Scale. Psychological Assessment, 21, 219-226.
Walters, G. D., Berry, D. T. R., Rogers, R., Payne, J. W., & Granacher, R. P., Jr. (2009). Feigned neurocognitive deficit: Taxon or dimension? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31, 584-593.
Walters, G. D., Brinkley, C. A., Magaletta, P. R., & Diamond, P. M. (2008). Taxometric analysis of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 491-498.
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Walters, G. D., Gray, N. S., Jackson, R. L., Sewell, K. W., Rogers, R., Taylor, J., & Snowden, R. J. (2007). A taxometric analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV): Further evidence of dimensionality. Psychological Assessment, 19, 330-339.
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Walters, G. D., & McCoy, K. (2007). Taxometric analysis of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles in incarcerated offenders and college students. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 781-793.
Walters, G. D., McGrath, R. E., & Knight, R. A. (2010). Taxometrics, polytomous constructs, and the Comparison Curve Fit Index: A Monte Carlo analysis. Psychological Assessment, 22, 149-156.
Walters, G. D., Rogers, R., Berry, D. T. R., Miller, H. A., Duncan, S. A., McCusker, P. J., Payne, J. W., & Granacher, R. P., Jr. (2008). Malingering as a categorical or dimensional construct: The latent structure of feigned psychopathology as measured by the SIRS and MMPI-2. Psychological Assessment, 20, 238-247.
Walters, G. D., Ronen, T., & Rosenbaum, M. (2010). The latent structure of childhood aggression: A taxometric analysis of self-reported and teacher-rated aggression in Israeli schoolchildren. Psychological Assessment, 22, 628-637.
Walters, G. D., & Ruscio, J. (2009). To sum or not to sum: Taxometric analysis with ordered categorical assessment items. Psychological Assessment, 21, 99-111.
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Williamson, D. A., Gleaves, D. H., & Stewart, T. M. (2005). Categorical versus dimensional models of eating disorders: An examination of the evidence. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 37, 1-10.
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More to come.....if you know of any, please contact me.
TAXOMETRICS PROGRAMS
You will find programs for taxometric analyses here. These programs work with SPSS and R. You conduct the analyses in SPSS using our GUIs; SPSS calls the R program to do the "heavy lifting" using John Ruscio's taxometrics package.
A more detailed description of these packages may be found in our 2016 APS presentation here.
Detailed instructions on installing the .SPD files are coming soon. We have tested our GUIs with SPSS 23.
First, you must install R - Version 3.1.0
Second, you must install R Essentials - Version 23.0.0
Finally, you must install the .SPD into SPSS using the following menus:
UTILITIES --> CUSTOM DIALOGUES --> INSTALL CUSTOM DIALOGUES
(For SPSS 24 and 25, you must do the following: EXTENSIONS --> UTILITIES --> INSTALL CUSTOM DIALOGUES)
Taxometric Procedures
Ruscio's New Taxometrics Package